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Elizabeth Monroe
Elizabeth Kortright Monroe (June 30, 1768 – September 23, 1830) was First Lady of the United States from 1817 to 1825, as the wife of James Monroe, fifth President. Due to the fragile condition of Elizabeth's health, many of the duties of official hostess were assumed by her eldest daughter, Eliza Monroe Hay.
==Birth, Parents, and Childhood==
Born in New York city on June 30, 1768, Elizabeth was the youngest daughter〔Saturday, February 18, 1786, ''Independent Journal'' (New York, N. Y.), No. 232, page 2: "On Thursday evening (16 ) was married at her father's house in Great Queen-Street, the Hon. Colonel JAMES MONRO, Member of Congress for the State of Virginia, to Miss ELIZA KORTWRIGHT, youngest daughter of Lawrance Kortwright, Esq; of this City."〕 of Lawrence Kortright, a wealthy merchant, and Hannah (Aspinwall) Kortright.〔COURTRIGHT (KORTRIGHT) FAMILY () by JOHN HOWARD printed by ABBOTT TOBIAS A. WRIGHT Printer and Publisher 150 Bleecker Street, New York 1922〕 Her father was one of the founders of the New York Chamber of Commerce. During the Revolutionary War, he was part owner of several privateers fitted out at New York, and it has also been documented that he owned at least four slaves.〔March 10, 1750, Record of Purchase of Slaves, from the Estate of Adolph Philips, Manor of Philipsburg, New York, Compiled by J. M. Haley in ''The Slaves of Philipsburg Manor'' Upper Mills, HHV, 1988: "Sampson - sold to Lawrence Kortright, New York City, for 75 pounds; Kaiser - sold to Lawrence Kortright, New York City, for 75 pounds"; June 27, 1763, ''The New-York Mercury'', No. 609, page 3, (Advertisement:) "RUN-AWAY, From on board the Snow CHARMING NANCY, Francis Haines, Master; a Molatto () Negro, about 18 Years of Age, his Hair curls much, speaks good English. Had on when he went away, a striped Waist-Coat. Whoever takes up said Negro, and will bring him to Lawrence Kortright, shall have Forty Shillings, and all reasonable Charges, paid. N. B. All Masters of Vessels are forwarned not to carry said Negro off". September 11, 1780, ''The New-York Gazette and the Weekly Mercury'', No. 1508, page 3 () A REWARD. RUN-AWAY about 15 days ago, my Negro Man PARIS, about 21 years of age, about 5 feet 9 inches high, he is rather remarkable, having one bandy leg, so much that one knee knocks against the other when he walks and is much addicted to liquor. Whoever takes up said Negro Man, and will deliver him to me, shall have a reward of Five Dollars, and all reasonable charges paid them. LAWRENCE KORTRIGHT. New-York, 9th September, 1780"〕 He purchased land tracts in what is now Delaware county, New York, and from the sale of this land the town of Kortright, New York, was formed.
Elizabeth acquired social graces and elegance at an early age. She grew up in a household with four older siblings: Sarah, Hester, John and Mary.〔 According to the parish records of Trinity Church, New York, Elizabeth's mother, Hannah, died on September 6 or 7, 1777, at the age of 39. The cause of death was recorded as resulting from Child Bed.〔September 7, 1777, Trinity Parish (New York, N. Y.), Parish Register (Record: ) "Mrs. Kortright, died September 7, 1777, aged 39 years, in Child-Bed. St. George's. (site )"; September 8, 1777, ''The New-York Gazette and the Weekly Mercury'', No. 1350, page 3: "Departed this Life the 6th Instant, Mrs. HANNAH KORTRIGHT, the Wife of Mr. Lawrence Kortright, in the 39th year of her Age, much lamented by all her Acquaintances."〕 An unidentified sibling of Elizabeth, age 13 months, succumbed to flux and fever a few days later. Mother and infant were both buried at St. George's Chapel in New York.〔September 10, 1777, Trinity Church (New York, N. Y.), Parish Register (Record: ) "Child Kortwright, died September 10, 1777, age 13 mos. of Flux & Fever. St. George's (site )"〕 At the time of their deaths, Elizabeth was nine years old. Her father never remarried.
On August 3, 1778, almost a year after the death of Elizabeth's mother, the home of the Lawrence Kortright family was nearly destroyed by fire〔August 26, 1778, ''The Pennsylvania Evening Post'' (Philadelphia, Pa.), Vol. 4, No. 522, page 309: "A list of the houses burnt in the late fire at New York, the third inst.... Mr. Isaac Low's house, and that of Mr. Lawrence Kortwright, adjoining, greatly damaged..."〕 during a blaze which caused damage and destruction to fifty homes near Cruger's Wharf in lower Manhattan. A historian later wrote that this blaze was due to the mismanagement of British troops while directing the firefighters.〔James Grant Wilson, The Memorial History of the City of New York, (York): New-York History Company, 1892 ), Vol 2, page 540: "Another fire occurred August 3, 1778, on Cruger's Wharf, and about fifty houses were destroyed. It was said the loss was increased by the ill-advised attempt of the British officers to direct the firemen..."〕 Elizabeth, age 10, with her father and siblings, survived the fire unscathed.
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